Introduction

A highly available, long-term storage layer for Prometheus

Designed to scale Prometheus horizontally
Provides:
- Global query across multiple Prometheus instances
  - Deduplication of metrics
- Long-term object storage (S3, GCS, Azure, MinIO)
- High Availability

Component

Component	Role
Sidecar	Runs next to Prometheus, uploads blocks to object storage, provides StoreAPI for Querier
Store Gateway	Reads historical blocks from object storage, exposes them via StoreAPI
Querier	Aggregates metrics from multiple Prometheus / Store Gateways, provides single query endpoint
Compactor	Deduplicates and compacts metric blocks, reduces storage usage
Ruler	Evaluates Prometheus-style recording and alert rules on long-term data

Setup compose.yml

Access MinIO UI: http://localhost:9000
Create a bucket: thanos-bucket

services:
  minio:
    image: minio/minio:latest
    container_name: minio
    environment:
      MINIO_ROOT_USER: minio
      MINIO_ROOT_PASSWORD: minio123
    command: server /data
    ports:
      - "9000:9000"
    volumes:
      - minio_data:/data
      
  # Run Thanos Sidecar next to Prometheus
  # It uploads Prometheus blocks to object storage and exposes StoreAPI
  thanos-sidecar:
    image: thanosio/thanos:latest
    container_name: thanos-sidecar
    command:
      - sidecar
      - --tsdb.path=/prometheus
      - --prometheus.url=http://prometheus:9090
      - --objstore.config-file=/etc/thanos/bucket.yml
      - --http-address=0.0.0.0:10902
      - --grpc-address=0.0.0.0:10901
    volumes:
      - ./bucket.yml:/etc/thanos/bucket.yml
      - prometheus_data:/prometheus
    depends_on:
      - prometheus
    ports:
      - "10901:10901"  # gRPC
      - "10902:10902"  # HTTP
      
  # Compacts and deduplicates HA metrics 
  # Used if have multiple Prometheus HA
  thanos-compact:
    image: thanosio/thanos:latest
    container_name: thanos-compact
    command:
      - compact
      - --data-dir=/thanos-compact
      - --objstore.config-file=/etc/thanos/bucket.yml
    volumes:
      - ./bucket.yml:/etc/thanos/bucket.yml
      - thanos_compact:/thanos-compact
      
  # Reads historical blocks from object storage 
  # Exposes StoreAPI for Querier
  thanos-store:
    image: thanosio/thanos:latest
    container_name: thanos-store
    command:
      - store
      - --objstore.config-file=/etc/thanos/bucket.yml
      - --grpc-address=0.0.0.0:10901
      - --http-address=0.0.0.0:10902
    volumes:
      - ./bucket.yml:/etc/thanos/bucket.yml
    ports:
      - "10911:10901"
      - "10912:10902"

	# Querier aggregates metrics from:
	# 1. Live Prometheus (Sidecar)
	# 2. Historical Store Gateway
  thanos-querier:
    image: thanosio/thanos:latest
    container_name: thanos-querier
    command:
      - query
      - --http-address=0.0.0.0:10902
      - --store=thanos-sidecar:10901
      - --store=thanos-store:10901
    ports:
      - "10902:10902"

bucket.yml

type: S3
config:
  bucket: "thanos-bucket"
  endpoint: "minio:9000"
  access_key: "minio"
  secret_key: "minio123"
  insecure: true